In the module, Linear Equations we saw how to solve various types of linear equations; the kind of equations that arise very naturally when solving elementary everyday problems.

While quadratic, polynomials of degree two or Second Order, equations do not arise so obviously in everyday life, they are equally important. They will frequently turn up in many areas and very often make an appearance as part of the overall solution within most of the real world problems in the fields of physics, astronomy, engineering, computing, architecture... (see ‘few common use cases’ below).

As quadratic equations arise naturally everywhere, these types of equations were already solved by both the Babylonians and Egyptians at a very early stage of world history (around 2000 BC). The resolution techniques were then refined all along the history, all across the world, before being fully integrated in modern mathematics (with the formalization of complex numbers, but you won’t need them here ^^).

### Very few of the common use cases

- Compute all kind of trajectories (ball, angry bird, jump from a cliff, planets…).
- Compute all kind of optimizations such as maximizing profits on market.
- Calculate the power going through electrical circuit.
- Designing telescopes, lenses, curved mirror, camera etc.
- The golden ratio is found as the positive solution of the quadratic equation x² - x - 1 = 0.
(e.g. Leonardo da Vinci's illustrations on the Divine Proportion, the famous golden spiral, Fibonacci sequence...)
- The Taxman, a quite unpleasant invention we still endure today (ref. Babylonians) ...

### In practice

In practice, Quadratic equation are just a step further from linear equation.; we still restrict the problem to a unique unknown variable (usually called ‘x’) and add one term: x² (or x*x). The general form of such equation (after moving everything on the left side) is: $$\textbf{ax² + bx + c = 0} ,\: \: where\: \: a \neq 0$$

## The Game

The game rules are exactly the same one as for playing with linear equations (cf. Linear Equation Game Rules). However you now get few newer tools to achieve your goal and a newer methodology; bit a bit you are gaining the mathematical power. To always solve a quadratic equation, two paths are proposed here: from the quickest to the most general. The approach described below is a must have to easily tackle any second order equations.

 $$x*x=x²$$ $$x² = a \: (a > o) \quad ⇒ \quad x_1 = \sqrt{a}, \quad x_2 = -\sqrt{a}$$ $$(x + a)(x + b) = 0 \quad ⇒ \quad x_1 = -a, \quad x_2 = -b$$ $$(x + a)(x + b) = x² + (a + b)x + ab$$ $$(x + b)(x – b) = x² – b²$$ $$(x + b)² = x² + 2xb + b²$$

#### Discriminant

$$\Delta=b²-4ac$$ $$x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt{\Delta} }}{2a}} \quad (\Delta >= 0)$$

### First check briefly for a pattern match (Factoring)

For some equations, you’ll be able to find the solution in a wink if there is a factor pattern (cf. quadratic tools, right column). For instance: $$x² + 5x + 6 = 0$$ We may recognize here the first pattern form: $$x² + (a + b)x + ab$$ Indeed if a = 2 and b = 3: $$x² + (2 + 3)x + (2*3) = x² + 5x + 6$$ Therefore: $$x² + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)$$ Finally with the magic of our tool (cf. left column third row): $$\color{green}{x_1 = -2, \qquad x_2 = -3}$$

It’s the most efficient way to get the solution done and doesn’t require any manipulation most of the time. However the first disadvantage is you don’t always have evident factorisation, while the second is the need to practice for being efficient.

To be more precise on how to get the pattern (with ax² + bx + c), you need to find two numbers n1, n2 such as: $$n_1*n_2 = a*c$$ $$n_1+n_2 = b$$

### Otherwise use the Quadratic Formula

This is the general solution of any quadratic equation: it works in all possible cases. A quadratic equation can either have two distinct roots, only one (sometimes called a repeated or double root) or even no root solution at all (without including complex number): Three possible cases then!

First, we compute the discriminant delta: $$\Delta = b^{2} - 4ac$$

If Δ > 0, two real roots (2 intersection points): $$x_1={\frac {-b+{\sqrt {\Delta }}}{2a}} \qquad {\text{and}} \qquad x_2={\frac {-b-{\sqrt {\Delta}}}{2a}}$$

If Δ = 0, one double root (1 intersection point): $$x=-{\frac {b}{2a}}$$

If Δ < 0, no real root (no intersection): $$x=\varnothing$$

### Check your solution

As usual, we do not forget to check the answer to detect any eventual problem (Replace ‘x’ by the solution value within the equation).

Here is some step-by-step equation resolution our virtual teacher Globo made.

## Real world example - Compute Trajectories on Earth

You’ll see to use some Newton's precepts and get answers by resolving quadratic equations; don’t be afraid, stay with us, it will be smooth!

The Hurna mascotte, Globo who stands 3m tall, will gently throw straight up a ball at a velocity of 10 m/s (36 km/h) and wonder how much time will the ball takes to get back to its hand:

A known Kinematic equation (synonyme to Projectile Motion or Trajectory Formula) will be used, however you neither need to know it nor to understand it to use it now.

#### Using Kinematic Equation

Here is the equation giving the vertical position of the ball (h) at any time (t):
$$h = –\frac{1}{2}Gt² + v_0t + h_0$$

We just replace h by y and t by x for convenience:
$$y = -\frac{1}{2}Gx² + v_0x + y_0$$

What is this equation saying:

Symbol Signification In our example
y is the height where the ball is at a given time (x) $$-\frac{1}{2}Gx² + v_0x + y_0$$
x is the time variable x (time variable)
G is the Gravitational Constant (9.8 m/s²) pulling down the ball on Earth 9.8 m/s²
$$y_0$$ is the height where the ball is at time 0 (when Globo throw the ball) 3 m
$$v_0$$ is the upward velocity of the ball at time 0 (the velocity of Globo's throw) 10 m/s (36 km/h)

Now if we simply place the known variables within the equation (we approximate here ½G ~ 5 m/s²):
$$y = -5x² + 10x + 3$$

Whow…. Exactly the form of a quadratic equation! How does it looks like?!

The answer may be read straight from the graph here (The ball stays exactly 2s in the air). If we quickly check:
$$3 = -5 * (2 * 2) + 10 * 2 + 3 = -20 + 20 + 3 = 3 \qquad Perfect!$$ However, most of the time, it will be much more difficult to get a precise answer. But, you already know how to solve such equations with some algebra and always get the most accurate solution ;)

Jump in Hurna Explorer to solve and visualize any quadratic equations step by step with our virtual teacher Globo.